Resources
At RAND, we provide our users with in-depth information that includes expert guidance, detailed articles, and engaging video content.
Our Resources section is designed to inform, educate, and empower our community of professionals, clients, and partners. Through Ask the Engineer, users can access expert insights and practical advice directly from experienced engineers, helping them navigate complex challenges in building repair, maintenance, and design. Articles offer deep dives into essential topics such as energy efficiency, structural integrity, materials innovation, and evolving code standards—each crafted to help readers make more informed decisions and stay ahead of industry trends.
For those who prefer a visual approach, our Videos bring engineering concepts to life through project walkthroughs, interviews, and educational explainers. These dynamic presentations not only illustrate best practices but also showcase RAND’s hands-on experience and commitment to clarity, precision, and excellence in every project we undertake.
Architectural Design
Interior Renovations
An engineer/architect should review proposed alternations to make sure they don’t damage building-wide systems.
Installing an ADA-Compliant Ramp
A ramp must meet requirements concerning the incline, handrails, and doors.
Feasibility Studies for Amenity Spaces
A feasibility study helps determine if a proposed building amenity is viable and can save time and money.
Making an Entrance Accessible
What changes must a landlord make to lobby steps to accommodate people with disabilities?
Review of Proposed Apartment Alterations
Plans to renovate an apartment must first be reviewed by an engineer or architect.
Ask Our Experts
Apartment Alterations
RAND Senior Architect Suzanna Takayama, RA discusses what should be reviewed when residents propose alterations to their apartments.
Special Inspections
RAND Structural Engineer Eugene Gurevich, PE explains how the DOB has tightened requirements for Special Inspections, which apply to most repair projects.
Infrared Thermography
RAND Structural Engineer Eugene Gurevich, PE explains how the DOB has tightened requirements for Special Inspections, which apply to most repair projects.
Landmarks Preservation Commission
RAND Project Associate Albelisa Kemp discusses the process for making repairs on buildings governed by the Landmarks Preservation Commission.
Construction Contracts
RAND President Stephen A. Varone, AIA discusses how to get an owner-contractor agreement done in an effective and efficient manner.
Facade Inspection Safety Program
RAND President Stephen Varone, AIA explains the details of filing an 8th Cycle Facade Inspection Safety Program (FISP) report.
Roof Replacements
RAND Partner and Facade & Roofing Team Leader Steven Z. Tingir discusses the critical steps for the successful repair and replacement of a roof.
Building Surveys
RAND Survey Team Leader Ivan Mrakovcic, RA explains what a physical condition survey of a building entails.
Adjacent Construction Monitoring
RAND Structural Engineer Christine Hobson explains why a structural evaluation is recommended for buildings near a new construction site.
Oil to Gas Conversions
RAND Principal Peter E. Varsalona, PE discusses the considerations of converting a heating system from oil to gas.
Construction Administration and Project Management
Project Communication
Establishing upfront a realistic scope of work, repair budget, and timeline paves the way to a smoother running project.
Exterior Repair Contracts
Owners should insist on a formal agreement specifying guarantees, payments schedule, liquidated damages, and insurance.
High Bid, Low Bid, Best Bid?
For a competitive bid, get itemized repair components, check references, and never reveal your budget to contractors.
Contractor Quality
References alone aren’t sufficient. Ask prospective contractors the right questions before hiring one.
When an Engineer Is on the Board
An engineer can provide valuable technical input, but he or she does not run the project.
Getting the Construction Documents Right
Plans and specifications for a revived project need to be updated if the scope of work has changed.
Time for a Change (Order)?
Change orders are inevitable, but which ones are legitimate, and how much should be allotted for them?
When to Use an Engineer
An Engineer’s role is to determine how to make the most cost-effective repairs.
Engineer vs. Architect: What’s the Difference?
A licensed professional’s practical experience with the type of project at hand is the key consideration.
To Bond, or Not to Bond?
Performance bonds can offer a measure of financial protection for owners undergoing construction projects.
Energy Efficiency
Infrared Thermography: See Your Building in a New Light
A non-destructive diagnostic tool, infrared thermography can detect hidden problems throughout a building.
RAND Joins NYSERDA’s Multifamily Building Solutions Network
NYSERDA Multifamily Building Solutions Network Providers work with residential owners to improve the energy efficiency of their buildings.
Energy Efficiency Incentives, for Local Law 97 and Beyond
Explore our list of energy efficiency incentives for Local Law 97 compliance and advancing sustainability objectives.
New York City Benchmarking Law (Local Laws 84/09 and 133/16) Requires Owners to Submit Energy and Water Usage Annually
Local Laws 84/09 and 133/16 require property owners to submit an annual analysis of energy usage.
New York City’s Energy Efficiency Legislation Mandates Benchmarking, Energy Audits, and Retro-commissioning
New local laws mandate benchmarking, energy audits, and retro-commissioning.
Green Roof Fact Sheet
The types, costs, and benefits of green roofing systems, and why a feasibility study is recommend before installing one.
Converting From No. 6 Heating Oil
Cleaner fuel options for NYC buildings that must switch from No. 6 heating oil by 2015.
Local Law 154 of 2021: NYC Building Electrification Law
Local Law 154 targets new buildings and major renovations, aiming to eliminate fossil fuel combustion.
Energy Audit Fact Sheet
An energy audit analyzes how efficiently buildings systems are performing and identifies ways to reduce energy consumption.
Guide to Local Law 97 of 2019 Compliance (Fact Sheet)
A guide to complying with Local Law 97’s strict greenhouse gas emissions caps.
Exterior Repair and Maintenance
Roof Alterations Questionnaire
A roof can be modified to create a valuable building amenity. Proper design and installation are key to ensuring that a roof used for recreational and/or sustainability purposes is safe and functional.
Investigative Probes
By uncovering hidden conditions, investigative probes help minimize surprises during construction.
Sidewalk Sheds
New York has more than 6,000 sidewalk sheds. Here’s what you should know about costs, permits, safety, and more.
Facade Cleaning
Different types of masonry require their own cleaning agents and applications.
Preventing Mold
Inadequately insulated piping, poor ventilation, and exterior leaks provide moist environments where mold spores thrive.
Making Your Repair Projects Green
Products and materials that help keep projects environmentally friendly.
Preparing Your Building for Winter
Keeping your building systems properly maintained will help prevent cold-weather problems.
Refurbishing a Fire Escape
A dilapidated fire escape is an accident waiting to happen.
Installing Window Air Conditioners
The DOB rejects LL 11/98 facade inspection reports that cite unsafe window air conditioners.
Balcony Repairs
Cracked and stained concrete, loose railings, and “icicles” are signs of balcony deterioration.
The Key to Healthy Exterior Walls
Identifying common symptoms of wall distress early on can prevent a small issue from becoming a costly disaster.
Replacing a Cornice
Replacement materials replicate the style of an original cornice at lower cost and maintenance.
Replacing Old Windows
Thermally insulated double-paned windows provide energy efficiency and noise reduction.
Cutting Corners and Band-Aid Fixes
So-called cheap and easy fixes only lead to more leaks and expensive repairs down the line.
The Ongoing Battle Against Leaks
A regular maintenance program is the best way to guard against water penetration.
Using the Roof in a Co-op
Rooftop decks, terraces and balconies are wonderful amenities, but proper maintenance and usage guidelines must be followed.
Proper Roofing Maintenance
It’s more than just the membranes. All roof-level components should be part of a maintenance program.
How to Fix a Roof Leak: First, Find It
In high-rise apartment buildings, the roofs contain layer upon layer of possible trouble.
A Second Engineer’s Opinion Saved This Co-op a Bundle
A Bronx co-op saved over half a million dollars after a peer review conducted by RAND.
DOB Requires Facade Inspection Reports to Be Filed Online
Under a new DOB requirement, New York City Facade Inspection Safety Reports must be submitted online only.
Drone Services
Drones provide a safe and cost-effective way to perform visual building evaluations.
Playing It “Safe”: A Guide to NYC’s Facade Inspection Safety Program (FISP)
Answers to Frequently Asked Questions on NYC’s Facade Inspection and Safety Program (Local Law 11/98).
Filing and Permits
Managing the Landmarks Process
The LPC requires owners to preserve the architectural integrity of the building’s original design.
Amending a Certificate of Occupancy
Whenever a building changes its use, egress, or occupancy, it must file for an amended C of O.
Permit Requirements
Which types of projects require permits and what kind are needed?
Historic Preservation
New York City Landmarks Fact Sheet
A guide to navigating the Landmarks Preservation Commissions permitting process.
Funding Assistance for Historic Properties
Grants, loans, and tax credits are available for owners restoring historic properties in New York.
Window Replacement in an Historic District
New aluminum casement units preserved the style of the originals with improved performance.
Return to Glory on the Upper West Side
Restoring the decorative terra cotta facade of a prewar co-op revived its architectural character.
Local Law 11/98 Archive
Facade-Report Time, With a Difference
Repair and maintenance items from previous inspections cannot be carried over to the next cycle.
A Little Leeway on Facade Repairs
An alternative filing program gives building owners some breathing room with facade inspections.
Dismantling the Scaffolding
Staggered deadlines for NYC Local Law 11/98 offer a more realistic timetable for conducting inspections and filing reports.
Mechanical/Electrical/Plumbing
Re-piping a Domestic Water System
Corroded steel piping in old plumbing systems will eventually need to be replaced with new copper tubing.
Electrical Upgrades
Even after a main building upgrade, residents may still need to address the electrical setup in their apartments.
Converting From Oil to Gas
Installing a gas-based system requires upfront capital costs, but it can save money in the long run.
Re-piping a Leaky Gas System
The first steps are isolating leaks by pressure testing and determining where new piping will run.
Complying with Local Law 87/09
The law requires an energy audit, retro-commissioning, and filing an Energy Efficiency Report.
Chimney Liners and Extensions
Converting a heating plant from oil to gas often requires installing a liner and/or an extension to the chimney.
Split Air Conditioning Systems
Split A/C systems are increasingly popular because of their low-profile design and ease of installation.
Fixing Brown Water and Low Pressure
Reinstalling a roof tank and replacing corroded piping can fix a building’s plumbing problems.
Installing a Cogeneration System
Producing electricity and heat simultaneously reduces electrical demand and heating costs.
Repairing a Sewer Line
A cured-in-place method is used for minor repairs, but more extensive damage requires excavation and replacement.
Elevator Upgrades
Abrupt movements, doors that stick, and uneven stops are signs that an elevator needs an overhaul.
Backflow Prevention: It’s the Law
Backflow devices prevent contamination of the public water supply, and they’re required by NYC law.
Remedying Ventilation Issues
Ventilation deficiencies can lead to health and comfort issues, as well as increased operating and energy costs.
Heating Plant Upgrades
Boiler type and fuel—oil, gas, or both—are the two key factors.
Local Law 26/04: Fire Sprinkler Requirement
Office buildings 100 feet or taller must be fully sprinklered by 2019. Here’s what property owners and managers need to know.
3 Things You Really Need to Know About Your NYC Radiators
Tips on how control, replace, and cover up your radiators.
Elevator Doors That Close on People
A rubber retractable door edge will keep the elevator open when the door makes contact.
Old Hallway Vents Can Pose Dangers
Negative air pressure from the “stack effect” can draw smoke and odors into apartments.
Cooling Down Your Overheated Apartment
It’s freezing outside, but your apartment is a furnace. Here’s how to turn down the heat.
Emergency Generators
Considerations for having an uninterrupted power source when a disaster hits.
The Little Engine That
How four boards faced the challenge of repairing, replacing, or retrofitting their boilers.
Local Law 191 of 2018: Carbon Monoxide Detectors in Commercial Spaces Requirement
Buildings with certain types of commercial spaces must have carbon monoxide detectors installed to code.
NYC Local Law 157 Natural Gas Detector Compliance: What Building Owners and Managers Need to Know
NYC Local Law 157 requires natural gas alarms in residential buildings to enhance safety and prevent gas-related hazards.
Boiler Maintenance Checklist
Periodic items to get the most out of your building’s heating plant.
Local Law 152 of 2016: Periodic Inspection of Gas Piping
Gas piping systems in New York City must be inspected and certified at least once every four years.
Replacing Plumbing Risers
How a luxury co-op managed the disruptive and expensive upgrade of its aging domestic water system.
Managing Electrical Power
Boards must balance residents’ requests for more electrical capacity with the building’s needs.
Project Planning and Management
Is “Subcontractor” Really a Dirty Word?
Sometimes hiring subcontractors is not only appropriate but advisable—with precautions.
The Role of the Engineer/Architect
Common misconceptions that strain the partnership between a board and its engineer/architect.
Altering Your Building: It’s Not Just an Ordinary Facelift
Major projects can turn into major headaches if not done with the help of licensed professionals.
Establishing a Reliable Repair Budget
Itemizing anticipated funding requirements gives building owners greater repair options.
Don’t Fall Short with Long-term Planning
Avoid emergency repairs and expenses with a preventative maintenance program.
8 Steps to a Successful Project
Liquidated damages, retainage, and six other things to minimize construction problems.
RAND Gives Back & Company Culture
Roofing
Roof Warranties
A No Dollar Limit agreement is cost-effective protection for a new roof, but be aware of limitations and exclusions.
Installing a Recreational Roof System
A properly installed recreational roof is a valuable building amenity.
Replacing a Roof: Hot or Cold System?
The choice depends on the underlying roof deck and building height. Proper installation is key.
Structural
Structural Evaluations
A structural survey conducted before construction begins at an adjacent site can alert building owners to potential problems.
Replacing a Sidewalk Vault
Vault spaces are prone to leaks and deterioration, which can cause structural damage over time.
Retaining Walls
Retaining walls can deteriorate from seasonal changes, compromising their stability.
Garage Repairs
The most important aspect of the repair and construction of concrete parking garages is coordination.
Second Avenue Subway Construction
Important steps building owners should take to ensure safety and protection from adjacent heavy construction and demolition.
Surveys and Inspections
Surveying Your Building’s Condition
A physical condition survey provides a blueprint for planning major capital improvements.
Finding—and Fixing—Construction Defects
To address problems in new construction, start with a forensic survey.
Special Inspections
The DOB has tightened requirements for Special Inspections, which apply to most repair projects.
Detecting Leaks with Infrared Thermography
Infrared Thermography reveals hidden defects throughout a building.
Doing Due Diligence Before Buying
A pre-purchase survey can uncover defects that could mean higher maintenance costs later on.
Testing For Asbestos
An asbestos survey is part and parcel of most repair jobs.
Africa Israel Sued for Not Disclosing RAND Report
The developer of 20 Pine Street failed to disclose RAND’s report, which listed $5.6 million in defects.
Lack of Luxury
RAND’s physical condition survey of the Empire Condominium uncovered a host of defective conditions.
The 7 Worst Places to Live in a Building
RAND looks at which areas inside a building pose the greatest potential for problems.
Retaining Wall Inspections (Local Law 37 of 2008)
NYC retaining walls must be inspected by an engineer who is a Qualified Retaining Wall Inspector (QRWI).
NYC Annual Parapet Inspection Requirement Fact Sheet
A guide to NYC’s annual parapet inspection requirement.
Understanding Tenant Protection Plan (TPP) Compliance in NYC: A Guide for Building Owners
Protecting the safety of tenants during construction is required by law.
Learn to Spot Building Defects before Buying
Prospective buyers should be aware of common defects in newly constructed condominiums.
The Top 7 Construction Defects
New doesn’t mean flawless. Leaks and other deficiencies are often found in recently built properties.
Special Inspections Fact Sheet
The DOB’s tighter requirements for Special Inspections apply to most repair projects.
Understanding the Integrated Physical Needs Assessment (IPNA)
What is an Integrated Physical Needs Assessment (IPNA), and how does it improve building performance?
Maintenance Best Practices for Parking Structures
Following these maintenance practices enhances will parking structure safety, prolong their lifespan, and minimize expensive repairs.
Jersey City Ordinance 21-054 Fact Sheet (Mandatory Structural and Facade Inspections)
Buildings of a certain height in Jersey City are now required to have regular facade and structural inspections performed by a licensed professional.
New York State Parking Garage Inspections Fact Sheet
Parking garages in New York State must be inspected by a qualified engineer every three years.
NYC Periodic Inspection of Parking Structures (PIPS) | Local Law 126 Fact Sheet
NYC parking structures must be inspected at least once every six years by a qualified engineer per Local Law 126 of 2021.
Techniques and Case Studies
Webinars
How Much Should Your Building Have in Reserves?
A Capital Needs Assessment is an invaluable tool for planning major projects. (video)
Parking Structure Safety & NYC Periodic Inspection of Parking Structures Program (per Local Law 126) Compliance Webinar
A webinar on NYC Periodic Inspection of Parking Structures (PIPS) per Local Law 126 compliance and effective garage maintenance guidance.